Morreu ontem, aos 110 anos, a mais velha sobrevivente do holocausto

"Sofre duma espécie de derramamento da lucidez"

"O que é a educação para Kafka? Em primeiro lugar, é um pacto secreto com o destino; o destino ao qual se oferece toda a espécie de iguarias, como a do talento bem aproveitado.  A inteligência é, para Kafka, uma maneira de ser poupado por essa terrível força que sacode e destrói tudo quanto é vivo. A voz do pai, incluída no tremendo ruído do mundo em acção, é parte dessa força que é preciso adular, convencer, talvez iludir. A educação é uma arte de demorar a morte, de a tornar convencional em vez de fatal.

Kafka é um homem educado; o personagem central  de O Processo é um homem educado. Vejamos como ele procede: «Ainda fatigado dos seus cuidados precedentes e já lasso daqueles que viriam, ele levantou-se para receber o primeiro dos seus visitantes.» Kafka sabe quanto é importante a mesura. Ela aplaca a cólera que se traduz pelo mais fugaz dos gestos humanos. Ele sabe imensamente dessa rede obscura em que se debatem os pensamentos reservados e que não é possível domesticar. Então a inteligência desponta, cresce, cobre o horizonte humano, não como uma luz brilhante, mas com um véu prodigioso. A inteligência desconcerta o destino; não sabemos se, de certa maneira o provoca."

                                        Agustina Bessa-Luís, Kafkiana, Babel, 2012, p. 50-51                           

Ron Carter - Saguaro

a Wandervolk driven from place to place

"By far the worst off were the Betteljuden (beggar Jews). Since they had no money to buy any kind of "protection", they were homeless or vagrant. Religious strictures did not permit them to become  mercenaries, as did the poorest runaways serfs. As one observer noted in 1783, these Jews had no alternatives but to "roam through life as beggars or be rogues."  Many were lifelong nomads, descended apparently from several generations of beggars. Born on the road, they depended on theft or charity. Accompanied by their ragged families, they traveled the contryside in swarms, a Wandervolk driven from place to place and, like the Gypsies, regarded as outlaws, or Gauner, that is, scamps, parasites, rogues, and thieves. in 1712, a traveler reported: "The begging hordes at times make the highways disgusting, particularly when one reaches their encampments where they are sunning themselves in a wood or behind a fence." A rare document from 1773 concerns a fifteen-year-old Jewish girl named Frommet who had been sold by her vagrant parents as a housemaid. She was standing trial in Frankfurt for murdering her employer with a hatchet. The plea submitted in her "defense" stated: "Who does not remember seeing such a horde of wretched creatures, vagrant Landjuden [country Jews] with their children, carrying their entire possessions on their humps? And seeing them pass by, who has not promptly noticed the scant difference between them and cattle?"

The cities usually denied the vagrants access; some were admitted for one night only but required to stay in poorhouses maintained by a local Jewish community. Jewish almsgiving afforded some material help. Hospitality was occasionally made available to the needy, especially on the Sabbath. The tradition of solidarity was deeply ingrained among Jews, but the huge increase in homelessness and vagrancy during the eighteenth century was bringing about its collapse."

   

                               Amos Elon, The Pity Of It All - A portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch 1743 -1933, Picador, 2002, pp. 29-30.                                    

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi - criatividade, realização e Fluir

klaus barbie - sur les traces d'un criminal nazi

Jacob Glatstein on Yiddish poetry after the Holocaust

Ben Webster meets Oscar Peterson (Hannover, 1972)

dexter gordon - one flight up

Human All Too Human - Martin Heidegger

no more than two Jews were allowed to walk abreast

"In the eighteenth century, the independent Hanseatic port city of Hamburg had the largest number of Jews - eight thousand, or 6 percent of the population as a whole. The ghetto had been abolished in 1671. Jews were free tolive everywhere in the city. West of Hamburg, Bremen the nearest self-governing Hanseatic port city, was completely off-limits to Jews, as was Lübeck in the north. Hanover belonged to the English Crown and allowed a handful of rich Jews with princely clients to live there. The university, said to be the most liberal in Germany, banned Jewish students, as did all other German universities. Medical faculties that admitted a Jew or two were notable exceptions. The large number of German universities (compared with only two in England) reflected the political fragmentation and perhaps a more widespread cult of learning. German jews intent on acquiring a higher education had to go to Holland or farther afield to Italy. Toward the end of the eighteenth century, Kant permitted a few young Jews to attend his philosophy seminars in Königsberg as nonmatriculated students. They could graduate only if they converted.

In the eighteenth century, Frankfurt was perhapes the most oppressive place for Jews in Western Europe. Only Rome and the Papal States treated Jews as harshly. (...)

Frankfurt was one of several free imperial cities, governed by an oligarchy of patrician families. A general fear of Jewish rivalry must have been a contributing factor to the continuing harshness of the city council's restrictive measures. Jews were allowed to enter the Christian quarters only on business, never for leisure. Inside the Christian quarters, no more than two Jews were allowed to walk abreast, and for some reason they were not entitled to carry walking sticks. Nor cold they use the sidewalks. At the cry "Jud, mach mores", roughly, "Jews, pay your dues" - they would have to take off their hats, step aside, and bow. They were banned at all times from the vicinity of the cathedral and could enter the town hall only through a back entrance. Not all these restrictions were enforced and some were observed only sporadically. But until the French Revolution, all public gardens were closed to Jews (as they would be two centuries later under the nazis). An appeal to end this particular restriction, unparalleled in Germany, was dismisses in 1770 by the city council as one more proof of the "boundless arrogance of this nation.""

                              Amos Elon, The Pity Of It All - A portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch 1743 -1933, Picador, 2002, pp. 25-27.                                     

Joan Miro - "Daybreak"

Por sugestão da "realidade concreta".

Todesfuge - Paul Celan

Rahsaan Roland Kirk and John Cage - Sound??

Rahsaan Roland Kirk - Ain't No Sunshine

Eddie Vedder - Hard Sun

The notorious Judensau

"In Prussian and other German records Jews were often referred to as a nation, a term that had as yet no political connotation. Derived from the Latin natio, it was originally a genealogical-historical term loosely used by Saint Jerome in his Latin translation of the New Testament to denote non-Christians - that is "others." Its politicization (as in the French "la nation") came only during the French Revolution. In Berlin "nation" and "colony" were used interchangeably in speaking of the local Jewish or Huguenot community.

There were never a total expulsion of the Jewish "nation" from Germany, as there was from England and Spain, perhaps because there was no unified state and no central power or perhaps because German Jews were so few and impecunious. Local expulsions and massacres occurred every now and again. Jews were occasionally accused of poisoning wells, using Christian blood for sacramental purposes, and stealing Christian babies to circumcise them. The notorious Judensau (Jews sow) was a common subject of Christian religious art and propaganda. Bas-relief and cartoons of the Judensau - always shown with bearded rabbis who suck and lick its excrement, the scene watched over approvingly by Satan - were dispalayed in the great cathedrals and domes of Magdeburg, Regensburg, Freising, outside the Schlosskirche in Wittenberg (where Luther posted his ninety-five theses), and in churches and public places elsewhere. Renditions of the Judensau legitimized atavistic fears and deadly superstitions and helped perpetuate them from generation to generation. A famous Judensau was displayed on the main bridge leading into the city of Frankfurt, affixed there not by some bigoted individual but by "the city government". The city was still paying for its upkeep when Goethe was a child, and he remembered being traumatized by it."

                               Amos Elon, The Pity Of It All - A portrait of the German-Jewish Epoch 1743 -1933, Picador, 2002, pp. 22-23                                   

Theresienstadt Ghetto

Primo Levi, "shema"

daqui

Primo Levi, Se Isto é um Homem

"27 de Janeiro. Madrugada. No chão, a infame confusão de membros ressequidos, a coisa Sómogyi.
Há trabalhos mais urgentes; não podemos lavar-nos, por isso, só podemos mexer nele depois de termos cozinhado e comido. E, além disso «rien de si degoûtant que les débordements», diz justamente Charles; é preciso esvaziar o balde. Os vivos são mais exigentes; os mortos podem esperar. Começamos a trabalhar como todos os dias.
Os russos chegaram enquanto Charles e eu levávamos Sómogyi para um lugar um pouco afastado. Estava muito leve. Virámos a maca na neve cinzenta.
Charles tirou o boné. Tive pena de não ter boné.
Dos onze da Infektionsabteilung, apenas Sómogyi morreu durante os dez dias. Sertelet, Cagnolati, Tomarowski, Lakmaker e Dorget (...) morreram algums semanas mais tarde na enfermaria russa provisória de Auschwitz. Encontrei em Katowice, em Abril, Schenk e Alcalai de boa saúde. Arthur regressou felizmente à sua família, e Charles retomou a sua profissão de professor primário: trocámos longas cartas e espero poder reencontrá-lo um dia."

            Últimos parágrafos do livro de Primo Levi, Se Isto é um Homem, Público, 2002, p.190